The Origin of Mass

The quark-lepton mass problem and the ideas of mass protection are reviewed. The hierarchy problem and suggestions for its resolution, including Little Higgs models, are discussed. The Multiple Point Principle is introduced and used within the Standard Model to predict the top quark and Higgs particle masses. Mass matrix ans\"{a}tze are considered; in particular we discuss the lightest family mass generation model, in which all the quark mixing angles are successfully expressed in terms of simple expressions involving quark mass ratios. It is argued that an underlying chiral flavour symmetry is responsible for the hierarchical texture of the fermion mass matrices. The phenomenology of neutrino mass matrices is briefly discussed.Comment: 33 pages, 7 figures, to be published in the Proceedings of the XXXI ITEP Winter School, Moscow, Russia, 18 - 26 February 200

On duals of binary primitive BCH codes

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Validity of self-assessment of hallux valgus using the Manchester scale

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Hallux valgus (HV) is a common condition involving the progressive subluxation of the first metatarsophalangeal joint due to lateral deviation of the hallux and medial deviation of the first metatarsal. The objective of this study was to evaluate the re-test reliability and validity of self-assessment of HV using a simple clinical screening tool involving four standardised photographs (the Manchester scale), in order to determine whether this tool could be used for postal surveys of the condition.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>HV was assessed with the Manchester scale in 138 people aged 65 to 93 years of age (102 women and 36 men) as part of a larger randomised controlled trial. At the six month follow-up assessment, HV was reassessed to determine re-test reliability, and participants were asked to self-assess their degree of HV independent of the examiners. Associations between (i) baseline and follow-up assessments of the examiners and (ii) participant and examiner assessments were performed using weighted kappa statistics. Analyses were then repeated after HV was dichotomised as present or absent using unweighted kappa, and sensitivity and specificity of self-assessment of HV was determined.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Re-test reliability of the examiners was substantial to almost perfect (weighted kappa = 0.78 to 0.90), and there was a substantial level of agreement between observations of the participants and the examiners (weighted kappa = 0.71 to 0.80). Overall, there was a slight tendency for participants to rate their HV as less severe than the examiners. When the Manchester scale scores were dichotomised, agreement was substantial to almost perfect for both re-test comparisons (kappa = 0.80 to 0.89) and substantial for comparisons between participants and examiners (kappa = 0.64 to 0.76). The sensitivity and specificity of self-assessment of HV using the dichotomous scale were 85 and 88%, respectively.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>The Manchester scale demonstrates high re-test reliability, and self-assessment scores obtained by participants are strongly associated with scores obtained by examiners. These findings indicate that the tool can be used with confidence in postal surveys to document the presence and severity of HV.</p> <p>Trial registration</p> <p>ACTRN12608000065392</p

Treatment of hallux valgus by modified McBride procedure: a 6-year follow-up

PubMed ID: 20505975Background Surgical decision-making was reevaluated by comparison with an algorithm designed to analyze treatment of hallux valgus deformities. Materials and methods A modified McBride procedure was performed on 52 feet of 35 patients with hallux valgusdeformity. From this series, 36 feet of 21 patients were evaluated preoperatively, early postoperatively, and late postoperatively by means of subjective evaluation and clinical and radiological findings. Results The hallux valgus angle preoperatively, early postoperatively, and late postoperatively was 32.7 ± 8.5°, 10.1 ± 6.9°, and 20.6 ± 9.5°, respectively. Hallux valgus recurrence of 72.2% was observed. Subjective results were better and the patients rated their satisfaction with the procedure as excellent or high in 23 cases (63.9%) and moderate, low, or unsatisfactory in 13 cases (36.1%). Conclusions This level of patient satisfaction demonstrates that the McBride procedure is an efficient approach for eliminating pain due to hallux valgus deformity. © The Author(s) 2010

Treatment of hallux valgus by modified McBride procedure: a 6-year follow-up

PubMed ID: 20505975Background Surgical decision-making was reevaluated by comparison with an algorithm designed to analyze treatment of hallux valgus deformities. Materials and methods A modified McBride procedure was performed on 52 feet of 35 patients with hallux valgusdeformity. From this series, 36 feet of 21 patients were evaluated preoperatively, early postoperatively, and late postoperatively by means of subjective evaluation and clinical and radiological findings. Results The hallux valgus angle preoperatively, early postoperatively, and late postoperatively was 32.7 ± 8.5°, 10.1 ± 6.9°, and 20.6 ± 9.5°, respectively. Hallux valgus recurrence of 72.2% was observed. Subjective results were better and the patients rated their satisfaction with the procedure as excellent or high in 23 cases (63.9%) and moderate, low, or unsatisfactory in 13 cases (36.1%). Conclusions This level of patient satisfaction demonstrates that the McBride procedure is an efficient approach for eliminating pain due to hallux valgus deformity. © The Author(s) 2010

Effective Lagrangian approach to vector mesons, their structure and decays∗)^{*)}

An improved update of the structure and decays of $\rho^0$, $\omega$ and $\phi$ mesons based on a chiral SU(3) Lagrangian, including anomaly terms is presented. We demonstrate that a consistent and quantitatively successful description of both pion and kaon electromagnetic form factors can be achieved. We also discuss the $e^+e^- \to \pi^+ \pi^0 \pi^-$ cross section, the Dalitz decay $\omega \to \pi^0 \mu^+ \mu^-$ and aspects of $\rho^0 \omega$ and $\omega \phi$ mixing. Relations to previous versions of the Vector Meson Dominance model will be examined.Comment: 35 pages, TeX, 14 ps figures, submitted to Z.Phys.

Comparative run-time performance of evolutionary algorithms on multi-objective interpolated continuous optimisation problems.

We propose a new class of multi-objective benchmark problems on which we analyse the performance of four well established multi-objective evolutionary algorithms (MOEAs) – each implementing a different search paradigm – by comparing run-time convergence behaviour over a set of 1200 problem instances. The new benchmarks are created by fusing previously proposed single-objective interpolated continuous optimisation problems (ICOPs) via a common set of Pareto non-dominated seeds. They thus inherit the ICOP property of having tunable fitness landscape features. The benchmarks are of intrinsic interest as they derive from interpolation methods and so can approximate general problem instances. This property is revealed to be of particular importance as our extensive set of numerical experiments indicates that choices pertaining to (i) the weighting of the inverse distance interpolation function and (ii) the problem dimension can be used to construct problems that are challenging to all tested multi-objective search paradigms. This in turn means that the new multi-objective ICOPs problems (MO-ICOPs) can be used to construct well-balanced benchmark sets that discriminate well between the run-time convergence behaviour of different solvers

An Analysis of Resting-State Functional Transcranial Doppler Recordings from Middle Cerebral Arteries

Functional transcrannial Doppler (fTCD) is used for monitoring the hemodynamics characteristics of major cerebral arteries. Its resting-state characteristics are known only when considering the maximal velocity corresponding to the highest Doppler shift (so called the envelope signals). Significantly more information about the resting-state fTCD can be gained when considering the raw cerebral blood flow velocity (CBFV) recordings. In this paper, we considered simultaneously acquired envelope and raw CBFV signals. Specifically, we collected bilateral CBFV recordings from left and right middle cerebral arteries using 20 healthy subjects (10 females). The data collection lasted for 15 minutes. The subjects were asked to remain awake, stay silent, and try to remain thought-free during the data collection. Time, frequency and time-frequency features were extracted from both the raw and the envelope CBFV signals. The effects of age, sex and body-mass index were examined on the extracted features. The results showed that the raw CBFV signals had a higher frequency content, and its temporal structures were almost uncorrelated. The information-theoretic features showed that the raw recordings from left and right middle cerebral arteries had higher content of mutual information than the envelope signals. Age and body-mass index did not have statistically significant effects on the extracted features. Sex-based differences were observed in all three domains and for both, the envelope signals and the raw CBFV signals. These findings indicate that the raw CBFV signals provide valuable information about the cerebral blood flow which can be utilized in further validation of fTCD as a clinical tool. © 2013 Sejdić et al